Scifi and fantasy

A science fiction story may be firmly rooted in real scientific possibilities as they are understood at the time of writing, as in Arthur C. Clarke's novel A Fall of Moondust, or highly imaginative, set in an extraterrestrial civilization or a parallel universe, as in Isaac Asimov's novel The Gods Themselves. Some science fiction portrays events that fall outside of science as currently understood, as in Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles.

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However, different readers have different ideas about what counts as realistic; an uneducated person will have different expectations about what science can do than a professional physicist. Clarke himself famously stated that "any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic." Thus, even fiction that depicts innovations ruled out by current scientific theory, such as stories about faster-than-light travel, may still be classified as science fiction.

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For this reason the borderline between fantasy and science fiction is blurred; many bookstores shelve science fiction and fantasy together. There is a substantial overlap between the audiences of science fiction and fantasy literature, and many science fiction authors have also written works of fantasy. Fans often nominate works of fantasy for SF awards such as the Hugo and Nebula, clearly indicating a substantial overlap among readers.

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Indeed, it can be argued that science fiction is simply a modern form of fantasy. In this view, the elements that would previously have been presented as fantasy (e.g., magic, shapeshifting, divination, mind-reading, fabulous beasts, and so on) are rationalized or supported through scientific or quasiscientific explanations such as marvelous devices, mutation, psychic abilities, aliens, etc.

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This definition is resisted by some scholars and writers who attempt to define the genre's aspects more sharply (such as Darko Suvin's emphasis on SF's cognitive element) and advocate an aspiration to present a world without mystical or supernatural forces.

Some SF clearly exhibits this aspiration, but not all. As a result, some theorists are able to emphasise the difference between SF and fantasy, while others emphasise continuity. It is also common to see narratives described as being essentially SF but "with fantasy elements." More recently, the term "science fantasy" has been increasingly used to describe such material.